An Anti-Bullying, Finding our Humanity & Decency Movement
The Truths and the Myths. The Stats you need to know.
What is the truth about "bullying"?
Destructive? Or a rite of passage?
Develops a child's resiliency and strength to face life? Or erodes strength and belief in self?
Enough studies have been done that we do not need to rely on gut, or opinion, or anecdotal information.
Here is what we know. Remember, bullying involves repeated behavior over a period of time.
The following information contains studies and surveys from around the world., although most of the information below comes from the United States. Other countries have been included to show that bullying is a worldwide problem , and not unique to our country or schools.
First, the myths:
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Only the socially awkward or different, the "nerds", and those that do not fit in are bullied.
Before I began my research I was under the impression, as many others, that bullying targeted a certain segment of youth that simply did not fit in with their peers for whatever reason. After having looked at the cases of thousands of bullied youth and children I now know that this is not true. Yes, being perceived as different from the group will increase the risk of being bullied. But many children and youth are bullied despite a pleasing outward appearance and disposition. This is true for both genders, but even more so for females, who are often bullied by other girls based on rivalries and jealousy.
"The popular teens at school, except for the ones at the very top, are the most likely targets for bullying, not outcasts. “For most students, gains in status increase the likelihood of victimization and the severity of its consequences." Translated: Those just below the top have everything to gain and lose, and mean behavior is rewarded, so it becomes a vicious cycle. According to the researchers, “evidence suggests that aggressors' campaigns of harassment and abuse are rewarded with increased prestige… particularly when they target socially prominent rivals.”
"Girls had higher rates of victimization."
2013 Study from researchers at the UC Davis and Penn State University published in the journal of the American Sociological Association, using data from more than 8,000 students
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Bullying is a rite of passage that develops a child's strength and resilience.
As you continue reading, you will see study after study that show the exact opposite. Bullying is destructive to the mind, the spirit, and the body of those who are subjected to this cruel treatment.
Now, the truths:
(stats vary between studies depending on the region, year, definitions, and methodology. Almost every study indicated the bullying epidemic and its consequences to be increasing.)
*warning: you may find the volume of studies, stats , and surveys to be overwhelming. Even more so, the overwhelming evidence of the damage done by bullying my prove unsettling and change your point of view.
We are losing approximately 16 children under the age of 25 every day to suicide. For every suicide there are 100+ attempts. That translates to approximately 1600 suicide attempts per day on average, and only includes those attempts that were recorded by hospital records. These numbers represent just the reported suicides and attempts in the U.S. (CDC, 2016)
Links-
Prevalence of Bullying (Physical, Emotional, Cyber)
Of children in sixth through tenth grade, more than 3.2 million—nearly one in six—are victims of bullying each year, while 3.7 million bully other children (Fox, et al, 2003)
Research shows that half or more of all bullying can be prevented (Fox, et al, 2003)
2004 “The 411 of Bullying” (The George Washington University)
42.9% of 6th graders were bullied during the 2007 school year.
2009 National Center for Education Statistics
One-million children on Facebook alone were harassed in 2011
2011 Consumer Reports
Students with disabilities face a higher rate of being bullied. 35.3% of students with behavioral and emotional disorders, 33.9% of students with autism, 24.3% of students with intellectual disabilities, 20.8% of students with health impairments, and 19% of students with specific learning disabilities are bullied.
2012 Rose et al.
Hundreds of terrorized children often on the verge of suicide are calling the police every day because they are viciously bullied on Facebook. These complaints do not include ones made about trolls bullying on Twitter, other social networking sites or by text, with experts claiming up to one in three schoolchildren will suffer cyber-bullying at some point.
2012 U.K Security Forces
28% of students ages 12 to 18 years old reported being bullied at school.
2013 National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Robers, S., Kemp J., and Truman, J Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2012
18 million kids will be bullied in the United States this year. That’s 1 out of every 4 children,
3 million students are absent each month and fake being sick because they do not feel safe. That’s 160,000 per day.
282,000 students are physically attacked in Middle School each month. That’s 9,400 per day.
2013 Campus Harmony inc.
The popular teens at school, except for the ones at the very top, are the most likely targets for bullying, not outcasts. “For most students, gains in status increase the likelihood of victimization and the severity of its consequences,” they wrote. Translated: Those just below the top have everything to gain and lose, and mean behavior is rewarded, so it becomes a vicious cycle. According to the researchers, “evidence suggests that aggressors' campaigns of harassment and abuse are rewarded with increased prestige… particularly when they target socially prominent rivals.”
Girls had higher rates of victimization.
2013 Study from researchers at the UC Davis and Penn State University published in the journal of the American Sociological Association, using data from more than 8,000 students
42% of teenagers with tech access report being cyberbullied over the past year.
2013 Cyberbullyhotline. Citing article published by Sam Laird on Mashable Lifestyle.
More than 2,000 parents who applied to transfer their children to new schools in just 28 local authority areas in the last school year gave bullying as the reason. The figures would rise to 12,000 if extrapolated across the UK.
2013 Freedom of Information research (U.K.)
In 2012/13, a total of 4,507 children rang Childline complaining of cyber bullying
The figure is up 87 per cent from the 2,410 calls received the previous year
The head of the NSPCC said many are ringing in 'utter panic' after months of torment
Girls are three times more likely to call than boys.
One in six calls are received from children aged 11 or younger.
2013 National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. (U.K.)
Young people aged 16 to 18 were also far more likely to be bullied online, with 18 per cent suffering abuse, compared to 15 per cent of those aged 19 to 21 and ten per cent of those aged 22 to 25.
2013 YouGov for the Prince’s Trust Youth Index (England)
70.6 percent of young students have seen bullying at school with approximately 30 percent of them admitting to bullying others in the surveys.
2014 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and US Department of Education
About 19.6 percent of high school students in the U.S. report being bullied.
2014 Center for Disease Control
27.8% of high school students were bullied at school, and 33% reported being involved in a physical fight in the last year.
More than 7 percent of 9th through 12th graders reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property at least once in the last year. An additional 6 percent admitted to bringing a weapon to school for protection.
2014 NoBullying.com
Six out of seven violent crimes against children are never reported to police.
385,000 crimes ignored annually as victims think it is 'part of growing up’,
445,000 children aged 11 to 15 are victims of violent crime each year
Only 13 per cent of these offenses are reported to the police.
2014 Victim Support charity and the University of Bedfordshire. Analysis of data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales. (U.K.)
The number of children being bullied on the internet has doubled this year, with more than one in three now victims, research suggests.
In a poll of 11 to 17-year-olds, 35% reported that they have experienced cyber-bullying - compared with 16% last year.
Four in 10 said they had witnessed others being picked on online - almost double the 22% recorded last year.
The research indicated that there is a more relaxed attitude among increasing numbers of parents regarding the risks posed online.
Less than a third of parents (27%) said they were worried about their child being the victim of cyber-bullying this year - almost halving from 45% in the previous year, while two-thirds (67%) of children are now allowed to go online without supervision - up from 53%.
However, more than three-quarters (77%) of mothers and fathers polled said they had conversations about online safety, up from 68% last year.
2014 Internet security firm McAfee (U.K)
45 per cent of 13- to 18-year-olds have experienced bullying by the age of 18, with the majority saying the primary reason was their physical appearance. Researchers canvassed 3,600 young people.
Of those bullied, 61 per cent had been physically attacked and 10 per cent had been sexually assaulted.
Incidents of bullying were highest amongst those with a disability, of whom 63 per cent reported being bullied and socially excluded. In addition, one in three said it was as a result of prejudice - homophobia, racism or religious discrimination.
2014 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
20.2% of high school students and 45% of middle school students are bullied at school.
2015 Center for Disease Control
50% of young people have been bullied at some point in the past year.
Nearly a quarter of young people who have been bullied go on to bully others.
2016 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
23% of females reported being bullied at school. 19% of males.
One out of every five (20.8%) students report being bullied.
33% of students who reported being bullied at school stated they were bullied at least once or twice a month during the school year.
2016 National Center for Educational Statistics
Students with specific learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, emotional and behavior disorders, other health impairments, and speech or language impairments report greater rates of victimization than their peers without disabilities longitudinally and their victimization continues for years.
Prevalence of Cyberbullying
9 out of 10 teenagers have witnessed cyberbullying while they were using social media.
2011 Pew Internet Research Center
Cyberbullying is rarely the only reason teens commit suicide. Most suicide cases also involve real-world bullying as well as depression.
The study showed that 78 percent of adolescents who committed suicide were bullied online and offline. Only 17 percent were only bullied online
The study also found that females were more likely to commit suicide in cases that included cyberbullying.
2012 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
42% of teenagers with tech access report being cyberbullied over the past year.
The average teen sends 60 texts per day - reducing face-to-face communication skills.
Girls 14-17 text more - 100 per day.
7.5 million Facebook users are under 13 years old.
2013 Cyberbullyhotline. Citing article published by Sam Laird on Mashable Lifestyle.
One in five 16-18 year olds admitted being targeted online
More than a third of young people have felt depressed as a result of something written or posted on a social networking site.
39 per cent of young people aged 16 to 25 said they are friends with people online whom they had never met and whose identities they had no way of verifying.
This figure rose to 46 per cent – nearly half of all those quizzed – for children aged 16 to 18, presenting disturbing questions about who they interact with online.
Females are more likely to be bullied online, with 16 per cent admitting they had been targeted compared to 11 per cent of males.
One in five females quizzed also said that social media websites made them feel inadequate to their peers, compared with one in ten males.
Young people aged 16 to 18 were also far more likely to be bullied online, with 18 per cent suffering abuse, compared to 15 per cent of those aged 19 to 21 and ten per cent of those aged 22 to 25.
2013 YouGov for the Prince’s Trust Youth Index (England)
Cyberbullying is more strongly related to suicidal thoughts in children and adolescents than traditional bullying,
Young people who were bullied in person were 2.16 times more likely to think about suicide, while those who were cyberbullied were 3.12 times more likely to do so.
2014 JAMA Pediatrics
At least 52 percent of teens have been bullied online.
35% of children have actually been threatened online, some more than once.
53 percent of children have said something that was mean or hurtful to someone else online.
2014 Safe Foundation
Concerning reactions to cyber bullying, about 15 percent of teens believed people who would be hurt by their mean comments to be “over-sensitive” while 24 percent perceived their online comments to be “anything but cruel”.
2014 NoBullying.com
10 to 20 percent of young teens confessed to being bullied online on a regular basis.
2014 Cyberbullying Research Center
The number of children being bullied on the internet has doubled this year, with more than one in three now victims, research suggests.
In a poll of 11 to 17-year-olds, 35% reported that they have experienced cyber-bullying - compared with 16% last year.
Four in 10 said they had witnessed others being picked on online - almost double the 22% recorded last year.
The research indicated that there is a more relaxed attitude among increasing numbers of parents regarding the risks posed online.
Less than a third of parents (27%) said they were worried about their child being the victim of cyber-bullying this year - almost halving from 45% in the previous year, while two-thirds (67%) of children are now allowed to go online without supervision - up from 53%.
However, more than three-quarters (77%) of mothers and fathers polled said they had conversations about online safety, up from 68% last year.
2014 Internet security firm McAfee (U.K)
Experts blame the 'toxic climate' of the bullying culture on websites popular among the young, as well as other pressures of modern life, for fueling the spate of anxiety.
2014 NHS Choices (U.K.)
Cyber bullying of children via social media sites is now a bigger problem than face-to-face harassment, say psychologists.
2014 Nottingham Trent University (England)
80 per cent of children have witnessed cyber bullying.
40 per cent have been a victim of online abuse.
2014 Data collected from 140 research studies from around the world
15.5 % of high school students are cyberbullied. 24% of middles school students are cyberbullied.
2015 Center for Disease Control
90% of teens who are cyberbullied are also bullied outside of the computer.
2015 “Seven Fears and the Science of How Mobile Technologies May Be Influencing Adolescents in the Digital Age,” George and Odgers
Sexting and online bullying are fueling a surge of anxiety disorders in teenagers, experts warn.
The problem is particularly severe for girls who fall victim to cruel remarks about their appearance and weight.
2015 Priory Group, England’s largest organization for mental health hospitals and clinics
Bullying, sexual pressure and the 24-hour online lifestyle is increasing the risk of schoolgirls developing emotional problems, experts have warned.
Girls aged 11 to 13 are more at risk of suffering emotional torment, than they were five years ago.
A new study found the number at risk rose from 13 to 20 per cent from 2009 to 2014.
2015 Researchers at University College London
Half of teachers have caught pupils exchanging explicit pictures and videos in class.
children aged at least 14 were the biggest culprits, but some staff claimed much younger pupils were also involved.
60 per cent of those surveyed said they were aware of 14-year-olds sexting, while 45 per cent said those involved were aged as young as 13.
A handful of teachers said they knew of children aged seven to nine who had taken part in sexting.
2016 National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers (NASUWT) (U.K.)
Only 40–50% of cyberbullying targets are aware of the identity of the perpetrator.
Cyberbullying among 12 and 13-year-olds are on the rise, as more tweens are given smartphones and constant access to social media.
Girls were the victim of bullying in almost seven out of ten cases and the most commonly complained about form of bullying was found to be edited images of the victim, with offensive words or images added to the picture.
More than 80 per cent of teenagers now own a smartphone.
2016 Children’s e-Safety Commission report (U.K.)
Correlation to Youth Suicide
More teenagers and young adults died as a result of suicide in 1999 than cancer, heart disease, HIV/AIDS, birth defects, stroke and chronic lung disease combined.
1999 U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
Thirty percent of all child suicides can be directly related to bullying.
2000 Hawker & Boulton
Bullied boys are four times more likely to be suicidal; bullied girls are eight times more likely to be suicidal
Bullying Prevention is Crime Prevention, 2003
16.9% of students, grade 9-12, seriously considered suicide in the previous 12 months (21.8% of females and 12.0% of males).
8.4% of students reported making at least one suicide attempt in the previous 12 months (10.8% of females and 6.0% of males).
Males take their own lives at nearly four times the rate of females and represent 78.8% of all U.S. suicides.
2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP)
Between 1980 and 1996, the suicide rate among children aged 10–14 years increased by 100%.
Twenty-four percent of high school students have seriously thought about attempting suicide.
2006 Child Study Center, NYU School of Medicine
For every older teen and young adult who takes his or her own life, 100-200 of their peers attempts suicide. Between 500,000 and 1 million young people attempt suicide each year.
2007 American Association of Suicidology
Most popular press articles suggest a link between the winter holidays and suicides (Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania 2003). However, this claim is just a myth. In fact, suicide rates in the United States are lowest in the winter and highest in the spring.
2007 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP)
In the review, Kim and colleague Bennett Leventhal, M.D., analyzed 37 studies that examined bullying and suicide among children and adolescents. The studies took place in the United States, Canada, several European countries (including the United Kingdom and Germany), South Korea, Japan and South Africa.
Almost all of the studies found connections between being bullied and suicidal thoughts among children. Five reported that bullying victims were two to nine times more likely to report suicidal thoughts than other children were.
2008 Yale School of Medicine
Suicide rates amongst youth ages 15-24 have increased more than 300% since the 1950’s.
2010 (?) Speak
Nearly half of suicides among 10 to 14-year-olds are due to bullying.
2010 Charity Beatbullying. independently verified by Dr Benjamin Richardson at Warwick University. (U.K.)
Eight per cent of teens have tried to kill themselves at least once.
Suicides made up 13 per cent of all deaths among U.S. youths ages 10 to 24 last year.
Wyoming had the highest rate of attempted suicide among youths, with 11.3 per cent, followed by South Carolina and Indiana, both with 11 per cent.
Chicago had the highest attempted suicide rate for large urban schools surveyed with 15.8 per cent. The city also had the highest rate for overall females at 16 per cent.
The percentage of suicide attempts among high school youths has risen since 2009 when the rate was 6.3 per cent.
The most at-risk youths are Hispanic girls as 13.5 per cent have tried to commit suicide one or more times. More than 10 per cent of Hispanic students overall tried to commit suicide compared to 8.3 per cent of black students and 6.2 per cent of white youths.
2012 CDC 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Cyberbullying is rarely the only reason teens commit suicide. Most suicide cases also involve real-world bullying as well as depression.
The study showed that 78 percent of adolescents who committed suicide were bullied online and offline. Only 17 percent were only bullied online
The study also found that females were more likely to commit suicide in cases that included cyberbullying.
2012 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Data from hospitals reveals a 68 per cent increase in the number of under-24s admitted for ‘self-inflicted injuries’.
2012 Hospital data (U.K.)
Peer victimization and bullying contribute to 80% of suicides among youth.
2013 JAMA Pediatrics Network
17.0% of students seriously considered attempting suicide in the previous 12 months (22.4% of females and 11.6% of males).
13.6% of students made a plan about how they would attempt suicide in the previous 12 months (16.9% of females and 10.3% of males).
8.0% of students attempted suicide one or more times in the previous 12 months (10.6% of females and 5.4% of males).
2.7% of students made a suicide attempt that resulted in an injury, poisoning, or an overdose that required medical attention (3.6% of females and 1.8% of males).
2013 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
Charities blame 40 per cent of suicides among 11 to 14-year-olds on bullying.
2013 Misc. U.K. Charities
Young people who are victims of bullying are more than twice as likely to contemplate suicide and about 2.5 times as likely to attempt a suicide than other people their age.
The new study was a meta-analysis. Van Geel and his Dutch colleagues examined all the scientific studies published on bullying between 1910 and 2013.
The researchers ended up with 491 studies. They then narrowed those to ones that involved only peer victimization — and that were scientifically well designed and conducted.
In the end, van Geel and his colleagues identified 34 solid studies that focused on the issue of peer bullying and suicide ideation (thinking about suicide) and nine studies that examined the association between peer bullying and suicide attempts. Together, these two groups of studies included more than 350,000 young people aged 9 to 21.
When the suicide ideation data was broken down into in-person and cyberbullying categories, it revealed that cyberbullying raised the risk even more. Young people who were bullied in person were 2.16 times more likely to think about suicide, while those who were cyberbullied were 3.12 times more likely to do so.
2014 JAMA Pediatrics
Perpetrators, victims, and witnesses to bullying all reported a higher level of suicidal behaviors.
2014 Center for Disease Control
A meta-analysis found that bullied students are 2.2 times more likely to have suicide ideation and 2.6 times more likely to attempt suicide than students who are not victimized.
One in 10 teenagers bullied at school have attempted to commit suicide.
2014 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
Every day approximately 105 Americans die by suicide
63% of teenage suicides were white males
22% of teenage suicides were white females
White females accounted for 371 teenage suicides
White males accounted for 1047 teenage suicides
Black females accounted for 37 teenage suicides
Black males accounted for 102 teenage suicides
American Indian/Alaska Native females accounted for 21 teenage suicides.
American Indian/Alaska Native males accounted for 30 teenage suicides
Asian/Pacific Islander females accounted for 26 teenage suicides
Asian/Pacific Islander males accounted for 34 teenage suicides
According to the Youth Suicide Prevention Program (YSPP), Native American youth have the highest rates of suicide among ethnic groups. Gay youth are two to three times more likely to attempt suicide than other young people
2014 TeenHelp.com
Among Hispanic students in grades 9-12, the prevalence of having seriously considered attempting suicide (18.9%), having made a plan about how they would attempt suicide (15.7%), having attempted suicide (11.3%), and having made a suicide attempt that resulted in an injury, poisoning, or overdose that required medical attention (4.1%) was consistently higher than white and black students.
2015 Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin SL, et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance.
17 percent of teens in high school said they had seriously considered suicide in the previous 12 months, and 2.7 percent had made an attempt that resulted in an injury.
2015 Center for Disease Control
Bullied children are three times more likely to harm themselves or commit suicide.
Students struggle more with suicide during the first 2 years of high school.
1 in 6 teens have seriously considered suicide while
1 in 12 teens have attempted suicide.
2016 National Association of People Against Bullying
33% of bullied children have suicidal thoughts.
2016 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
For every suicide, there are at least 100 attempts.
2016 Center for Disease Control
Bullying and cyberbullying are major risk factors for teen suicide. And both the bullies and their victims are at risk. Suicidal ideation and behavior were increased in victims and bullies and were highest in people who were both bullies and victims of bullying
American Academy of Pediatrics, Lead author Benjamin Shain, a child and adolescent psychiatrist
Bullying and Self Harming
One in 12 third-graders self-harms.
About two-thirds of the children had done it more than once.
Family strife, troubles in school and bullying are among reasons some kids hurt themselves.
Among older children studied, 4 per cent of sixth-graders and almost 13 per cent of ninth-graders said they had self-injured - rates consistent with those seen in other studies.
The rate among third-graders echoes anecdotal reports from elementary school teachers, and similar numbers of older kids in other studies have said that they started before the age of 10.
2012 University of Denver. Benjamin Hankin, an associate psychology professor.
16.5% of 16-17 year olds had self-harmed in the previous year.
26.9% of these did so because they felt as though they 'wanted to die’.
Those who were subjected to chronic bullying over a number of years at primary school were nearly five times more likely to self-harm six to seven years later in adolescence.
2013 Researchers from the University of Warwick in association with colleagues at the University of Bristol (U.K.)
In the 12 months to June, there were 13,400 cases of self-harm in 15 to 19-year-old girls that required treatment - up from 12,220 the previous year. Experts believe cyber bullying, 'sexting', bleak employment prospects and society's body image obsession could be to blame.
2013 Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) (U.K.)
20% of 15-year-olds self-harmed in last year.
Similar study carried out in 2002 revealed 6.9% had self-harmed.
Experts put trend down to growing online pressures and sexualization
2014 World Health Organization (WHO)
One in 10 teenagers bullied at school have attempted to commit suicide. In addition, a further 30 per cent go on to self-harm.
2014 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
Self-harming among children as young as 10 has risen by 70 per cent in the past two years. NHS figures show the number of children aged between 10 and 14 treated in hospital after deliberately hurting themselves has surged by 2,700 since 2012.
The figures for teenagers between 15 and 19 treated for self-harm rose 23 per cent.
There were 15,668 admissions of young women aged 15 to 19 for cutting, burning or harming themselves, compared with 9,255 admissions in 2004.
2014 NHS Choices (U.K.)
YoungMinds has forecast that by 2020, 100,000 children could be hospitalized every year due to self-harming.
2014 Children's mental health charity YoungMinds (U.K.)
44% of young people who have been bullied suffer depression, 33% have suicidal thoughts and 31% go on to self-harm.
2016 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
Bullying and Mental Harm
Compared to their peers, kids who are bullied are five times more likely to be depressed.
2004 “The 411 of Bullying” (The George Washington University)
School children who bully or are victims of bullying may face higher risks of anxiety, depression and other psychological disorders later in life.
At least among boys, those who are both bullies and victims are the most troubled of all.
The study included 5,038 children who were followed from the age of 8 until age 24.
The researchers used Finland's system of national registers to follow the study group's rate of psychiatric hospital admissions and prescriptions for antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs and anti- psychotics.
Overall, one-third of boys who had been both bullies and victims ended up taking a psychiatric medication at some point between the ages of 13 and 24, while 17 percent were admitted to a psychiatric hospital. That compared with rates of 12 percent and 5 percent, respectively, among boys who had not been involved in bullying.
Among girls, 32 percent of those who had been frequently bullied were eventually prescribed a psychiatric medication, compared with 16 percent of girls who had not been bullied. Meanwhile, 12 percent of victims were hospitalized for psychiatric treatment, versus 4 percent of other girls.
With girls, those who were bullied were at heightened risk of later problems even if they initially showed no emotional or behavioral difficulties.
University of Turku in Finland, lead researcher Dr. Andre Sourander. 2009
Male bullies are nearly 4 times as likely as non-bullies to grow up to physically or sexually abuse their female partners.
2011 Harvard School of Health
More than 20% of children who are repeatedly bullied end up in jail. Almost double those who weren't bullied.
Women are more likely than men to have drug and alcohol problems. Women were also more likely to be arrested and convicted than men who had grown up experiencing the same level of bullying.
2013 University of Carolina
Teens bullied online are more likely than their peers to fall into depression, drug abuse, and Internet addiction.
2013 Manuel Gamez-Guadix, Ph.D., of the University of Deusto in Spain
Severe depression affects nearly 80,000 children in the UK. Experts believe cyber bullying, 'sexting', bleak employment prospects and society's body image obsession could be to blame.
2013 Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) (U.K.)
Students who are bullied are twice as likely to have headaches and stomach aches and other negative health symptoms.
2013 Gini & Pozzoli
More than a third of young people have felt depressed as a result of something written or posted on a social networking site.
2013 YouGov for the Prince’s Trust Youth Index (England)
Researchers find popular children are harder hit by the effects of bullying.
Being popular worsens the negative consequences of being victimized.
The bullying of popular children was an 'invisible crime' as many refused to acknowledge problems for fear of ruining their standing.
The study found that the risk of being bullied increases as adolescents climb their school's social ladder — up until they approach the very top, when the risk plummets.
The study looked at the social networks of 4,000 youths.
The study found victims of harassment suffered psychological, social and academic consequences, and they experienced high levels of anxiety, anger and depression.
'Most of these adverse consequences were worse for high-status targets, because while socially marginal youth are often brutally tormented, a single bullying event may be particularly psychologically and socially damaging for popular students, who feel that they have farther to fall,' Faris said.
2014 University of California, Davis. Robert Faris, associate professor of sociology.
The study, which examined data for more 6500 children, showed that being bullied in elementary school significantly increased the risk for both nightmares and night terrors.
2014 Bullying and Parasomnias: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors Dieter Wolke, Suzet Tanya Lereya
The study showed that children who were frequently bullied by a sibling were twice as likely to have depression and to engage in acts of self-harm by the age of 18 years as peers who were not bullied.
2014 Sibling Bullying and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Harm: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors Lucy Bowes, Dieter Wolke, Carol Joinson, Suzet Tanya Lereya, Glyn Lewis
83 per cent said what they had gone through had had an impact on their self-esteem.
Victims of bullying were also less likely to do well in exams, with 41 per cent of those who had not been bullied achieved an A or A* in English compared to just 30 per cent of those who had been bullied.
2014 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
Emergency admissions for psychiatric conditions soared to 17,278 last year, double the number four years ago.
Thousands of children aged 10 and younger are so depressed, anxious and stressed out that they require medical treatment.
Experts blame the 'toxic climate' of the bullying culture on websites popular among the young, as well as other pressures of modern life, for fueling the spate of anxiety.
2014 NHS Choices (U.K.)
Estimates that 96,000 children aged between five and 10 suffer from an anxiety disorder, while 8,700 are seriously depressed.
more than half a million children and young people up to the age of 16 are affected by a diagnosable mental health disorder, according to the charity.
An increase in under-11s needing mental health services is a sad and very worrying indictment of the society we live in and the pressures children face,' the charity's Lucie Russell said.
'Every day we hear about the unprecedented toxic climate young people face in a 24/7 online culture where they can never switch off, where they experience constant assessments at school, bullying, sexualization, consumerism and pressure to have the perfect body at a young age.'
2014 Children's mental health charity YoungMinds (U.K.)
A fifth of teenagers and young adults suffered some degree of depression and anxiety last year, a higher proportion than in other generations.
2014 Office for National Statistics (England)
Children who are bullied suffer sleep difficulties, anxiety, and depression.
2015 Center for Disease Control
They examined the relationship between bullying at age 13 and depression at 18 among 3,898 people taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).
The participants completed a self-report questionnaire at 13 about bullying and at 18 completed an assessment that identified people who met internationally agreed criteria for depressive illness.
Children bullied at 13 were almost twice as likely to develop depression.
Almost 15% of those bullied every day had mental illness by age 18.
Only 5.5% of non-bullied teenagers were depressed by adulthood.
The researchers said that, if this were a causal relationship, up to 30 per cent of depression in early adulthood could be attributable to bullying in teenage years.
2015 Oxford University Team of scientists, led by Professor Lucy Bowes.
Admissions for anxiety in teenagers has risen by 50 per cent in only four years.
This is almost certainly an underestimate because there are hundreds of others on waiting lists who have been referred by GPs but not yet seen by a specialist.
Sexting and online bullying are fueling a surge of anxiety disorders in teenagers, experts warn.
2015 Priory Group, England’s largest organization for mental health hospitals and clinics
Being bullied as a child is worse for a person's mental health than suffering abuse or neglect, scientists claim.
Children who are tormented at school are almost five times more likely to suffer anxiety and nearly twice as likely to have depression or self-harm at 18 than those who are maltreated, a study found.
Young people who are both maltreated and bullied have an increased risk of mental health problems, but the risk was not higher than those who are only bullied, scientists said.
Since one-in-three children worldwide report being bullied, and it's clear bullied children have similar or worse mental health problems later in life to those who are maltreated, more needs to be done to address this imbalance.
The study of about 5,500 children, published in The Lancet Psychiatry, is the first to directly compare the effects of maltreatment by adults and bullying by peers on mental health outcomes, including anxiety, depression, self-harm and suicidal tendencies.
It analyzed 4,026 youngsters from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) whose parents provided information on maltreatment between the ages of 8 weeks and 8.6 years and their child's reports of bullying when they were eight, ten and 13.
It also studied 1,420 children from the Great Smoky Mountain Studies (GSMS) in the US who reported information on maltreatment and bullying between the ages of 9 and 16.
The results are consistent across the two cohorts (ALSPAC and GSMS) showing children who were bullied by peers only were more likely to have overall mental health problems, anxiety, depression and self-harm or have considered suicide than those who were neither bullied nor maltreated.
'Children who were both maltreated and bullied were also at increased risk for mental health problems but the effects were not higher than those of being bullied alone.
Being bullied by peers had worse long-term adverse effects on young adults' mental health than being maltreated by adults.
2015 Professor Dieter Wolke, a psychologist at Warwick University (joint study of U.S. & U.K. students)
2,912 referrals for anxiety and depression among children aged between five and 17 from April 2014 to March 2015, compared to 2,439 the year before.
2015 Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (England)
160,000 kids stay home from school every day due to bullying.
2016 National Association of People Against Bullying
Children with disabilities are more likely to respond aggressively when they are bullied, not only to their bullies but to other children as well. Chad Rose, a bullying expert and an assistant professor of special education in the MU College of Education, says this aggressive response often results in these children being labelled as bullies themselves, when that is not an accurate assessment of their behavior.
"Because students with disabilities often lack age-appropriate social and communication skills, they may act out aggressively as a response to being bullied," Rose said. "If a child reaches into their 'bully response tool box' and the only tools they have are physical or verbal aggression, they likely will respond aggressively. Unfortunately, many of these children are identified as bullies themselves, which means they will receive bully interventions from teachers, rather than what they really need, which is social and communication skill instruction."
2016 "Exploring Psychosocial Predictors of Bullying Involvement for Students with Disabilities," was published in Remedial and Special Education. It was coauthored by June Preast, a doctoral student at the University of Missouri, and Cynthia Simpson, a professor and provost at Houston Baptist University.
44% of young people who have been bullied suffer depression, 33% have suicidal thoughts and 31% go on to self-harm.
2016 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
Bullying and Increasing Harm to Females
The study found that females were more likely to commit suicide in cases that included cyberbullying.
2012 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Women are more likely than men to have drug and alcohol problems. Women were also more likely to be arrested and convicted than men who had grown up experiencing the same level of bullying.
2013 University of Carolina
Girls 14-17 text 100 per day average.
2013 Cyberbullyhotline. Citing article published by Sam Laird on Mashable Lifestyle.
Bullied girls were, overall, more likely to engage in self-harm and develop depression symptoms.
2013 Researchers from the University of Warwick in association with colleagues at the University of Bristol (U.K.)
In the 12 months to June, there were 13,400 cases of self-harm in 15 to 19-year-old girls that required treatment - up from 12,220 the previous year.
Experts believe cyber bullying, 'sexting', bleak employment prospects and society's body image obsession could be to blame.
2013 Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) (U.K.)
Girls are three times more likely to call ChildLine than boys.
2013 National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. (U.K.)
Females are more likely to be bullied online, with 16 per cent admitting they had been targeted compared to 11 per cent of males.
One in five females quizzed also said that social media websites made them feel inadequate to their peers, compared with one in ten males.
2013 YouGov for the Prince’s Trust Youth Index (England)
More girls report feeling unhappy than boys.
2014 World Health Organization (WHO)
Study has found that the majority of young women will display some form of antisocial behavior during puberty, regardless of whether they have high or low levels of emotional intelligence.
While young men only carry out delinquent acts when they have a low level of emotional maturity.
But for young women, those with both high and low levels of emotional intelligence were just as likely to be antisocial or delinquent as each other. The study, by psychologists at Plymouth University, found that during puberty and into their early twenties, there was a correlation between a person wanting attention and antisocial behavior. despite young men showing an ability to regulate their sensation seeking and delinquent behaviors, for females this made no difference.
Those with a high level of EI actually showed a higher tendency for antisocial behavior, researchers said.
2014 Plymouth University psychologists
Sexting and online bullying are fueling a surge of anxiety disorders in teenagers, experts warn.
The problem is particularly severe for girls who fall victim to cruel remarks about their appearance and weight.
2015 Priory Group, England’s largest organization for mental health hospitals and clinics
Bullying, sexual pressure and the 24-hour online lifestyle is increasing the risk of schoolgirls developing emotional problems, experts have warned.
Girls aged 11 to 13 are more at risk of suffering emotional torment, than they were five years ago.
Researchers at University College London
More than twice as many boys as girls bully - 66% of males compared to 31% of females.
Children who bully are more likely than average to have suffered a traumatic event, such as their parents splitting up or a major family fall-out.
2016 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
Girls were the victim of online bullying in almost seven out of ten cases and the most commonly complained about form of bullying was found to be edited images of the victim, with offensive words or images added to the picture.
2016 Children’s e-Safety Commission report (U.K.)
Sexting, Sexual Harassment, and Sexual Assault
48% of 7th to 12th graders were sexually harassed. Of these students 44% were sexually harassed in person and 30% electronically. Many experienced sexual harassment both in person and electronically (i.e., text, email, social networking site or other electronic means).
2011 American Association of University Women. “Crossing the Line: Sexual Harassment at School. “ Hill, C. and Kearl, H
Fifteen children are expelled from school for sexual misconduct on average every school day
More than 3,000 children are excluded every year for offenses including sexual bullying, sexual assaults and harassment.
the National Union of Teachers warned that sexual equality has been ‘rebranded by big business’ into a ‘raunch culture’ which is damaging the way girls view themselves.
show that in 2009/10, there were 3,330 exclusions for sexual misconduct. In 2010/11, a further 3,030 children were excluded for the same reason.
There have been warnings that the number of expulsions may only hint at the true scale of the problem.
England’s deputy children’s commissioner has told MPs that head teachers are reluctant to tackle sexual exploitation of children for fear of the message it will send out about their schools.
2013 Department for Education (U.K.)
Of those bullied, 61 per cent had been physically attacked and 10 per cent had been sexually assaulted.
2014 Ditch The Label (U.K.)
Sexting and online bullying are fueling a surge of anxiety disorders in teenagers, experts warn.
The problem is particularly severe for girls who fall victim to cruel remarks about their appearance and weight.
2015 Priory Group, England’s largest organization for mental health hospitals and clinics
Half of teachers have caught pupils exchanging explicit pictures and videos in class.
children aged at least 14 were the biggest culprits, but some staff claimed much younger pupils were also involved.
60 per cent of those surveyed said they were aware of 14-year-olds sexting, while 45 per cent said those involved were aged as young as 13.
A handful of teachers said they knew of children aged seven to nine who had taken part in sexting.
2016 National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers (NASUWT) (U.K.)
200 rape complaints are recorded every year in schools
Research suggests many more rapes and abuses go unreported.
Many more incidents of physical sexual assaults were recorded while nearly one in three girls aged between 16-18 said they had suffered unwanted sexual touching at school.
The committee is acting after freedom of information searches by the BBC last autumn revealed that over the last three years, 5,500 alleged sexual offenses were recorded in UK schools, including more than 600 alleged rapes and nearly 4,000 alleged physical assaults.
2016 Women and Equalities Committee (U.K.)
Girls interviewed by the charity said many pupils chose not to report cases of sexual intimidation because others had been punished even when they were the alleged victim.
2016 youth charity Fixers (U.K.)
LGBTQ Community and Bullying
LGBTQ youth are up to four times more likely to attempt suicide than their heterosexual peers.
Massachusetts 2006 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
9 in 10 (86.2%) LGBT students reported being bullied
More than half (60.8%) reported they felt unsafe in school because of their sexual orientation.
32.7% of LGBT students missed a day of school because of feeling unsafe, compared to only 4.5% of a national sample* of secondary school students.
The reported grade point average of students who were more frequently harassed because of their sexual orientation or gender expression was almost half a grade lower than for students who were less often harassed (2.8 versus 2.4).
2007 GLSEN National School Climate Survey
Suicide is the leading cause of death among Gay and Lesbian youth nationally 30% of Gay youth attempt suicide near the age of 15.
Gays and Lesbians are two to six times more likely to suicide than Heterosexuals.
Almost half of the Gay and Lesbian teens state they have attempted suicide more than once.
It has been conservatively estimated the 1,500 Gay and Lesbian youth commit suicide every year.
2010 (?) Speak
71.3% of LGBT students heard homophobic remarks frequently. 64% were harassed. 27% were physically assaulted.
2013 Journal of Adolescent Health 53 “Psychological, Physical, and Academic Correlates of Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying.” Kowalski, R.M, and Limber, S.P
74.1% of LGBT students were verbally bullied (e.g., called names, threatened) in the past year because of their sexual orientation and 55.2% because of their gender expression.
49% of LGBT students experienced cyberbullying in the past year.
55.5% of LGBT students feel unsafe at school because of their sexual orientation.
30.3% of LGBT students missed at least one entire day at school in the past month because they felt unsafe or uncomfortable, and 10.6% missed four or more days in the past month.
2013 National School Climate Survey
Gay youth are two to three times more likely to attempt suicide than other young people
2014 TeenHelp.com
Gay, lesbian or bisexual students were three times more likely than straight students to have been raped. They skipped school far more often because they did not feel safe; at least a third had been bullied on school property. And they were twice as likely as heterosexual students to have been threatened or injured with a weapon on school property.
More than 40 percent of these students reported that they had seriously considered suicide, and 29 percent had made attempts to do so in the year before they took the survey. The percentage of those who used illegal drugs was many times greater than their heterosexual peers.
2016 CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey of 15,600 students
Govt., Peer, and School Response to Bullying
Nearly half of elementary school teachers surveyed about bullying in schools, admitted to bullying students. While more than 70 percent of teachers believed that bullying was isolated, an estimated 45 percent of teachers admitted to bullying a student themselves.
2006 May issue of The International Journal of Social Psychiatry.
Nearly a third (31.1%) of the students who did report an incident said that school staff did nothing in response.
2007 GLSEN National School Climate Survey
70% of teachers said they believed that bullying was isolated. But 45% admitted to having bullied a student.
When Twemlow quizzed subjects about bullying, "Some teachers reported being angry at being asked the question," he writes. "But more reflective teachers realized that bullying is a hazard of teaching.”
Teachers who bully were often bullied themselves in childhood.
When abuse is physical, most parents don't hesitate to report the offending teacher, Freeman says. But many see emotional or verbal bullying as a gray area. They worry that speaking up could cause a teacher to take revenge on their child -- and there's little escape. "It really is on a different level than kid-to-kid bullying," Twemlow says. "The kid has no power."
Teachers from schools with high rates of suspensions reported that they themselves bullied more students, had experienced more bullying when they were students, had worked with more bullying teachers over the past 3 years, and had seen more bullying teachers over the past year.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that teachers who bully students may have some role in the etiology of behavioral problems in schoolchildren.
2007 Stuart W. Twemlow, M.D.a psychiatrist who directs the Peaceful Schools and Communities Project at the Menninger Clinic; Peter Fonagy, Ph.D., F.B.A.
American Journal of Psychiatry and Int’l Journal of Psychiatry
66 percent of victims of bullying believed school professionals responded poorly to the bullying problems that they observed.
(2007 or 08?) Community-Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice
Smaller, private, and more affluent schools do very little to protect students from verbal abuse.
African American high-school students who thought of themselves as very good students were more likely to experience verbal put-downs from their peers, but only when they were in high-minority schools.
Boys experience verbal harassment from peers more often than girls, particularly if they are in private schools.
2009 University of Illinois using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study and included 10,060 African American, Latino, and White tenth graders in 659 U.S. high schools. Published in the Journal of School Violence
Adult intervention is often 4 percent, peer or classmate intervention is 11 percent and sadly there is no intervention 85 percent of the times someone is bullied. This means that it is more common for bullying incidents to be ignored than to be dealt with immediately.
2014 NoBullying.com
Despite the epidemic of mental health problems among children and young people, two thirds of councils have cut spending on services intended to tackle the issue.
Only 6 per cent of the NHS mental health budget goes on services for children and teenagers.
2014 NHS Choices (U.K.)
A survey by YoungMinds revealed that 34 out of 51 local councils had cut spending on mental health services for children and teenagers since 2010.
2014 Children's mental health charity YoungMinds (U.K.)
Aggressive disciplinary measures only increase a child's bullying behavior.
Two thirds of the anti bullying strategies taught in schools are not working while only a third had a modest effect.
'We are actually ignoring what’s going on underneath - instead we are trying to patch it up with a bandaid,' Dr Coulson, said.
'We are saying "we don’t really care what’s causing it – you’ve just got to stop it".'
We live in a bullying culture where the people at the top are doing exactly what they are telling everybody else not to do and they don’t realize they are doing it,’ he said.
'Our methods of discipline and our methods of promoting anti-bullying messages are actually promoting bullying.’’
2014 Data collected from 140 research studies from around the world
In 2011, amid growing concern about bullying, the state Legislature passed a law requiring schools to keep track of the number of bullying instances.
Since then, the reports of “verified” bullying cases have plummeted from 1,453 in the 2012-13 school year, to 1,296 the next year to just 857 in 2014-15.
2015 Connecticut Department of Education records
43% of students who were bullied say that they notified staff at the school that it was occurring.
This is an important stat and here's why. Combine this with the National Center for Educational Statistics report that in 2016 approximately 20% of students were bullied. Now let's create a case scenario and do the math. In a school of 2000 students approximately 400 are bullied over a school year.
Approximately 43% report it so a school of this size should get around172 reports of bullying over a school year. Yet, most schools do not even come close to reporting bullying that aligns with what students are reporting.
2016 National Center for Educational Statistics
Where Bullying Occurs
12-18 year old students who reported being bullied, about 46 percent of students reported that the bullying occurred in the hallway or the stairwell during the school year.
33 percent reported being bullied inside the classroom, and 22 percent reported being bullied outside on school grounds.
11 percent reported being bullied in the bathroom or locker room, 9 percent reported being bullied in the cafeteria, 7 percent reported being bullied on the school bus, and 2 percent reported being bullied somewhere else in school.
For the most part, the percentages of students who reported being bullied in various locations at school did not vary from student to student or from school to school.
2011 National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
29.3 percent of middle school students reported to being bullied in classrooms, 29 percent in the hallways or near lockers, while 23.4 percent were in the cafeteria. Other locations included 19.5 percent in the gym or during PE class, 12.2 percent in the bathroom with only 6.2 percent in the playground or during recess.
Only between 20 to 30 percent of students that are bullied tell an adult or a teacher about the incident.
2014 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
42% of bullying was reported to have occurred in the hallway or on the stairs, 34% in the classroom, 22% in the cafeteria, 19% outside, 10% on the bus, and 9% in the bathroom or locker room.
2016 National Center for Educational Statistics
Effectiveness of Anti-Bullying Programs.
There is a 25% decrease in bullying at schools that implement bullying prevention programs.
Study finds that students attending schools with anti-bullying programs may be more likely to be a victim of bullying than children at schools without such programs.
The study suggested that future direction should focus on more sophisticated strategies rather than just implementation of bullying prevention programs along with school security measures.
Researchers need to better identify the bully-victim dynamics in order to develop prevention policies accordingly.
His study recommends that prevention efforts “move beyond individual risk factors and focus on systemic change within the schools.”
2013 Seokjin Jeong, an assistant professor of criminology and criminal justice at UT Arlington and lead author of the study, published in the Journal of Criminology.
Agressive disciplinary measures only increase a child's bullying behaviour.
Two thirds of the anti bullying strategies taught in schools are not working while only a third had a modest effect.
'We are actually ignoring what’s going on underneath - instead we are trying to patch it up with a bandaid,' Dr Coulson, said.
'We are saying "we don’t really care what’s causing it – you’ve just got to stop it".'
We live in a bullying culture where the people at the top are doing exactly what they are telling everybody else not to do and they don’t realize they are doing it,’ he said.
'Our methods of discipline and our methods of promoting anti-bullying messages are actually promoting bullying.’’
2014 Data collected from 140 research studies from around the world
Bullying appears to be effectively prevented in 7th grade and below.
In 8th grade there is a sharp drop to an average of zero.
There was a seeming reversal in efficacy through the high school years, such that programs, if anything, cause harm.
Developmental theory suggests why this may be the case and provides opportunities for future improved interventions.
2015 Declines in efficacy of anti-bullying programs among older adolescents: Theory and a three-level meta-analysis
David Scott Yeager, Carlton J. Fong, Hae Yeon Lee, Dorothy L. Espelage
University of Texas at Austin, United States
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, United States
Sample size was of 30,934 adolescents aged between 7 and 16 years of whom 16,243 made up the Intervention Groups and 14,691 made up the Control Groups.
Results show moderate effect sizes for the outcome measures Bullying Frequency and Victimization Frequency, Attitudes and School Climate. Greater impact was observed in interventions of less than one school year duration, as well as those targeting children younger than 10 years. Subgroup analysis confirmed greater heterogeneity in studies evaluating complex interventions.
In general, our results indicate that bullying and violence prevention programs in school settings are obtaining beneficial, albeit discrete, results in the outcome measures evaluated.
Effectiveness of anti-bullying school programs: A meta-analysis
2015 University of Murcia, Faculty of Psychology, Espinardo, Murcia Spain
Catholic University San Antonio, Faculty of Social Sciences and Communication, Guadalupe, Murcia CP: 30107, Spain
Mental Health Center of Cieza, Murcia CP: 30530, Spain
Correlation with Workplace Bullying in and out of Schools.
Workplace bullying causes.
Most likely, you were targeted (for reasons the instigator may or may not have known) because you posed a "threat" to him or her. The perception of threat is entirely in his/her mind, but it is what he/she feels and believes.
Targets appear to be the veteran and most skilled person in the workgroup. Targets are independent. They refuse to be subservient.
When targets take steps to preserve their dignity, their right to be treated with respect, bullies escalate their campaigns of hatred and intimidation.
Targets are more technically skilled than their bullies. They are the "go-to" veteran workers to whom new employees turn for guidance. Insecure bosses and co-workers can't stand to share credit for the recognition of talent. Bully bosses steal credit from skilled targets
Targets are more technically skilled than their bullies.
Targets are better liked, they have more social skills, and quite likely possess greater emotional intelligence. They have empathy (even for their bullies). Colleagues, customers, and management (with exception to the bullies and their sponsors) appreciate the warmth that the targets bring to the workplace.
Targets are not schemers or slimy con artists. They tend to be guileless. The most easily exploited targets are people with personalities founded on a prosocial orientation -- a desire to help, heal, teach, develop, nurture others.
Targets are non-confrontational. They do not respond to aggression with aggression. (They are thus morally superior.) But the price paid for apparent submissiveness is that the bully can act with impunity (as long as the employer also does nothing).
According to the 2007 WBI-Zogby Survey, 45% of targeted individuals suffer stress-related health problems.
2015 Workplace Bullying Institute
About half of those surveyed reported an experience of workplace bullying; this rate was somewhat higher than expected, given the findings from other studies. This discrepancy may be explained by differing definitions of workplace bullying.
Principals or other authority figures were deemed responsible for 25% of cases of workplace bullying against teachers and ESPs.
2005 Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation (OSSTF)
37% of workers have been bullied: 13% currently and 24% previously
More perpetrators are men (60%) than are women(40%)
Most Targets (57%) are women
Women bullies target women (71%); men target men (54%)
62% of employers ignore the problem
45% of Targets suffer stress-related health problems
40% of bullied individuals never tell their employers
Only 3% of bullied people file lawsuits
2007 WBI U.S. Workplace Bullying Survey
A 2009 survey of Australian school teachers, ESPs, and administrators (a self-selected group most of whom had experienced workplace bullying) found that a power imbalance due to job position (such as a principal towards a teacher) was a major factor in workplace bullying behavior. Co-workers were named as responsible for 19% of workplace bullying offenses against teachers, a much lower percentage than the U.S. finding (OSSTF, 2005).
2009 Riley, Duncan, & Edwards. (Australia)
18% of teachers and 13.7% of ESPs reported that they were workplace bullied by someone else at the school where they currently work
Teachers were approximately 27% more likely to have been workplace bullied as compared to ESPs. Additionally, educators who work in urban environments were 36% more likely to report that they were workplace bullied than those in suburban or rural environment
Teachers reported the highest incidents of bullying by other staff (45) followed by parents (32), students (30), and administrators (29).
It is of note that staff and administrators accounted for 74 incidents while students and parents accounted for 62 incidents in survey
Also, ESPs reported 85 incidents of bullying from staff and administrators vs. 39 incidents of bullying from students and parents.
The impact of workplace bullying on teachers and ESPs is significant. For example, the OSSTF report found that 10% of bullied teachers and ESPs missed time from work as a direct result of the experience; 53% experienced physical and emotional consequences including loss of sleep, loss of appetite, anxiety, depression, compromised self-confidence, and increased substance use; and fully 34% of targets sought psychological treatment for their workplace bullying-related problems (2005). Educators and administrators who are bullied at work often become isolated from their colleagues and their work, questioning their competence and suffering in their performance (de Wet, 2010). Frustration, anger, trouble sleeping, irritability, sadness, and anxiety were the most common teacher symptoms of both physical and nonphysical victimization (Gerb- erich et al., 2011). Workplace bullying has been associated with stress as well as a decrease in job satisfaction (Lutgen-Sandvik et al., 2007). Bond (2010) found that, over time, workplace bullying led to symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly in workplaces with a low psychosocial safety climate, which was de ned as “freedom from psychological harm at work” (Law, Dollard, Tuckey, & Dormann, 2011, p.1783).
Teachers and ESPs targeted by acts of violence at school suffer many negative consequences. They tend to be in poorer health, have less job satisfaction, and report that their jobs are more stressful than non-abused educators (Tiesman, Hendricks, Konda, & Amandus, 2011). Research on teachers only shows that those who experienced violence against them by students were more likely to experience negative affect and decreased job satisfaction (Dzuka & Dalbert, 2007). Teachers who were the targets of violence by their students had a 61% chance of experiencing physical consequences and an 84% chance of suffering emotional consequences (Wilson et al., 2010). Violence experienced by a teacher was a significant predictor of poor emotional outcomes and teaching ability (Wilson et al., 2010). Similarly, harassment and discrimination in the workplace also are associated with poor mental health and problem drinking, especially for women and racial minorities (Rospenda, Richman, & Shannon, 2008).
Furthermore, the psychological aspects of workplace mistreatment may create more problems than violence itself. Educators who experience non-physical workplace bullying have lower job satisfaction, higher stress levels, and lower overall health than those who experience physical workplace violence (Gerberich et al., 2011). These findings clearly indicate that it is critical to address the threats, fear, and psychological mistreatment experienced by teachers and ESPs, as they are possibly even more damaging than physical violence.
2010 NEA Bullying Survey
35% of workers have experienced bullying firsthand (37% in 2007, given the MOE, essentially equivalent)
62% of bullies are men; 58% of targets are women
Women bullies target women in 80% of cases
35% of the U.S. workforce (an est. 53.5 million Americans) report being bullied at work.
The majority (68%) of bullying is same-gender harassment
Half of all Americans have directly experienced it. Simultaneously, 50% report neither experiencing nor witnessing bullying. Hence, a "silent epidemic."
2010 WBI U.S. Workplace Bullying Survey
Thirty-five percent of workers said they have felt bullied at work, up from 27 percent last year.
Sixteen percent of these workers reported they suffered health-related problems as a result of bullying.
17 percent decided to quit their jobs to escape the situation.
nearly half of workers don’t confront their bullies and the majority of incidents go unreported.
2012 Career Builder
Australia has the highest workplace bullying rates all over the world. (They also have one of the highest rates of bullying at school. Children live what they learn from adults.)
2013 Safe Work Australia
27 percent of employees have directly experienced abusive conduct with 21 percent who witnessed it.
69 percent of workplace bullies are men with 60 percent bullying victims being women. What makes it worse is that women bullies pick on other women 68 percent of the time.
56 percent of bullies are bosses.
Less than 20 percent of American employers take action to stop workplace bullying.
2014 Workplace Bullying Institute
Researchers found feeling excluded in the workplace leads to greater job dissatisfaction, health problems and causes more people to quit their job, compared to those who are harassed and bullied. Ostracism actually leads people to feel more helpless, like they're not worthy of any attention at all.
2014 Researchers from the University of British Columbia's Sauder School of Business (Canada)
She defines bullying as persistent, hostile, aggressive behavior that can be verbal or non-verbal.
Research shows adult bullying can lead to depression, eating disorders, sleeping disorders, PTSD and physical ailments.
It also increases the person’s stress levels and degrades their mental health by making them feel crazy, scared, and anxious.
“It also bleeds into families. When you’re bullied and abused at work you go home and sometimes there’s displaced aggression when you’re screaming at your family members, sort of that, ‘kick-the-dog’ kind of thing. We do know for sure it reduces people’s satisfaction with their personal lives,”
2015 North Dakota State University professor and researcher Pam Lutgen-Sandvik, who has been studying workplace bullying for nearly 15 years
Odds (OR) of suicidal ideation by those previously bullied were twice the likelihood for people not ever bullied.
There is a body of research identifying bullied targets as more emotional than others. But anxious personalities are not rare in our society. Witness the prevalence of anti-depressant drugs prescribed.
The beauty of the the Nielsen study is that it demonstrably ruled out the argument that if someone had considered taking their lives (suicidal ideation), then they faced no risk of being bullied (as if a personal weakness was exploited by others) in subsequent years.
The study clarified the known correlation between the experience of being bullied and considering suicide. Being bullied is one cause of thinking about taking one’s life. Being bullied led to suicidal ideation and not the opposite.
Bergen Bullying Research Group led by Stale Einarsen. The principal author of the study published Sept. 17 in the American Journal of Public Health is Morten Birkeland Nielsen.
Studies: Long Term Effects
Young adults who were bullied as children can have long-term mental health problems such as anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and depression.
Being the bully might actually be protective. The reason this escaped earlier notice, according to Copeland, is that previous work lumped together two kinds of bullies: those who were also sometimes bullied themselves (whom he calls bully-victims) and those who were "pure bullies."
Bully-victims "have the worst long-term emotional problems and poor health outcomes," Copeland and his co-authors wrote. By separating them out of the analysis in this new study, they wrote, it became clear that "pure" bullies "gain benefits from bullying others without incurring costs and may be healthier than their peers, emotionally and physically.”
The current study measured blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)—a biomarker of chronic inflammation that's been linked to cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome—over several points in time during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. CRP is a sign of stress on the body, Copeland said, and "a harbinger of health problems down the road."
CRP levels increased in all participants as the study subjects got older, the scientists found. But those who had been bullied had the highest level of increase, and former bullies had the lowest. Those who were bully-victims fell somewhere in between, at about the same level as participants who had not been involved in childhood bullying at all.
The pattern was present even after controlling for body mass index, substance use, health status, and exposure to other types of trauma.
The study followed 1,420 children from western North Carolina. Researchers interviewed the participants at up to 9 points in time, first when they were children and adolescents (aged 9 to 16) and again when they were young adults (aged 19 to 21).
Great Smoky Mountains Study. The study was led by William Copeland, an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina.1992 through 2003.
Bullied children are up to four times as likely to develop psychotic symptoms by the time they enter their teens.
Symptoms included hallucinations, irrational thoughts and paranoid delusions such as believing they were being spied on.
Psychologists followed 6,437 children from birth until they were 13, assessing them through interviews, physical and psychological tests.
Children who suffered physical or emotional bullying were twice as likely to develop psychotic symptoms by early adolescence as children who were not bullied.
However, if they experienced sustained bullying over a number of years they could be four times more at risk.
Professor Dieter Wolke, from the University of Warwick. 2009
School children who bully or are victims of bullying may face higher risks of anxiety, depression and other psychological disorders later in life.
At least among boys, those who are both bullies and victims are the most troubled of all.
The study included 5,038 children who were followed from the age of 8 until age 24.
The researchers used Finland's system of national registers to follow the study group's rate of psychiatric hospital admissions and prescriptions for antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs and anti- psychotics.
Overall, one-third of boys who had been both bullies and victims ended up taking a psychiatric medication at some point between the ages of 13 and 24, while 17 percent were admitted to a psychiatric hospital. That compared with rates of 12 percent and 5 percent, respectively, among boys who had not been involved in bullying.
Among girls, 32 percent of those who had been frequently bullied were eventually prescribed a psychiatric medication, compared with 16 percent of girls who had not been bullied. Meanwhile, 12 percent of victims were hospitalized for psychiatric treatment, versus 4 percent of other girls.
With girls, those who were bullied were at heightened risk of later problems even if they initially showed no emotional or behavioral difficulties.
University of Turku in Finland, lead researcher Dr. Andre Sourander. 2009
In the largest study yet to use brain scans to show the effects of child abuse, researchers have found specific changes in key regions in and around the hippocampus in the brains of young adults who were maltreated or neglected in childhood. These changes may leave victims more vulnerable to depression, addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD.
Overall, about 25% of participants had suffered major depression at some point in their lives and 7% had been diagnosed with PTSD. But among the 16% of participants who had suffered three or more types of child maltreatment — for example, physical abuse, neglect and verbal abuse — the situation was much worse. Most of them — 53% — had suffered depression and 40% had had full or partial PTSD.
The aftermath of that trauma could be seen in their brain scans, whether or not the young adults had developed diagnosable disorders. Regardless of their mental health status, formerly maltreated youth showed reductions in volume of about 6% on average in two parts of the hippocampus, and 4% reductions in regions called the subiculum and presubiculum, compared with people who had not been abused.
That’s where this study begins to tie together loose ends seen in prior research. Previous data have suggested that the high levels of stress hormones associated with child maltreatment can damage the hippocampus, which may in turn affect people’s ability to cope with stress later in life. In other words, early stress makes the brain less resilient to the effects of later stress.
The findings also help elucidate a possible pathway from maltreatment to PTSD, depression and addiction. The subiculum is uniquely positioned to affect all of these conditions. Receiving output from the hippocampus, it helps determine both behavioral and biochemical responses to stress.
Chronic maltreatment can set the stress system permanently on high alert. That may be useful in some cases — for example, for soldiers who must react quickly during combat or for children trying to avoid their abusers — but over the long term, the dysregulation increases risk for psychological problems like depression and PTSD.
he subiculum also regulates the stress response of a key dopamine network, which may have implications for addiction risk. “It is presumably through this pathway that stress exposure interacts with the dopaminergic reward system to produce stress-induced craving and stress-induced relapse,” the authors write.
In other words, dysregulation of the stress system might lead to intensified feelings of anxiety, fear or lack of pleasure, which may in turn prompt people to escape into alcohol or other drugs.
Harvard researchers led by Dr. Martin Teicher. 2012
Children who have been abused actually age faster - with the stress affecting DNA in a way that could shorten their lives.
Children who have been exposed to violence and abuse have physical changes in a DNA sequence that dictates how often cells can rejuvenate.
The abuse actually shortens their lives.
A study found that the DNA of ten year olds who had experience abuse showed signs of wear and tear normally associated with aging.
Scientists at the Duke Institute believe that stress may shorten their telomeres - DNA sequences found at the tips of chromosomes which have been linked to aging.
Dr Shalev examined a study of twins which has followed 1,100 British families since the twins were born in the 1990s.
The twins are now 18-years-old, but the researchers analyzed DNA samples collected when they were just five and ten.
They were able to establish which of them had experience some form of violence - whether domestic violence, bullying or physical mistreatment - through extensive interviews with the mothers.
The research, published in journal Molecular Psychiatry, showed that children with a history of two or more kinds of violent exposures have significantly more telomere loss than other children.
Scientists at the Duke Institute. 2012
Bullying can result in the immune system suffering.
Duke University Lead author Jenny Tung. 2012
The damaging effects of being bullied as a child last long into adulthood with victims up to six times more likely to develop a serious illness
Study found that bullied children were also less able to keep a job and tended to develop poor social relationships as they grew older.
The research assessed 1,420 participants four to six times between the ages of nine and 16 and adult outcomes between 24 and 26 years of age.
The 'bully-victims' were at greatest risk for health problems in adulthood - over six times more likely to be diagnosed with a serious illness, smoke regularly, or develop a psychiatric disorder, compared to those not involved in bullying
Psychological scientists Dieter Wolke, of the University of Warwick, and Dr Jane Costello and William Copeland, of Duke University Medical Center. 2013
Those who were both victim and perpetrator as schoolchildren were more than six times more likely to be diagnosed with a serious illness or psychiatric disorder, and to smoke regularly.
The poor results for victims and victim-perpetrators prevailed even when such factors as family hardship and childhood psychiatric disorders were statistically controlled.
The more subjects were bullied, the more likely they were to have social problems.
The result for bullies is supported by previous work, which suggests they are strong and healthy, competent in emotional recognition and adept at manipulating others. Victims aside, bullies tend to have more acquaintances and social status, previous studies have shown.
Dieter Wolke, a University of Warwick psychologist and lead author of the study,2013.
Childhood bullying can have such a devastating impact that victims consider suicide 40 years later. Victims of bullying were likely to be less physically healthy and have stronger possibilities of depression, anxiety disorders and suicidal thoughts at the age of 50.
Victims have lower educational levels, with men who were bullied more likely to be unemployed and earn less.
Relationships were also damaged with victims of bullying found to be less likely to be in a relationship, and more likely to have lower levels of satisfaction with their lives.
Researchers looked at 7,771 children, around a quarter of whom (28 per cent) were bullied between seven and 11, and followed them up until the age of 50.
Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
Men and women who had been victims of bullying as children had higher levels of a blood protein linked to heart attacks and strokes.
The researchers analyzed data collected from almost 1,500 people during childhood, throughout their teenage years and into adulthood.
Levels of C-reactive protein, which is linked to a host of health problems, including heart attacks and strokes, rose with age.
They were highest in those who had been bullied as children. And the more they had been bullied, the more C-reactive protein they made.
Duke University, Dr William Copeland. 2014
The longer the period of time a child is bullied, the more severe and lasting the impact is on a child's health, according to a new study.
The team collected data for the study by following a group of 4,297 children and adolescents from fifth to tenth grade. Results showed that bullying at any age was associated with worse mental and physical health, increased depressive symptoms and lower self-worth. Participants who experienced chronic bullying also reported increased difficulties in physical activities like walking, running or participating in sports.
"Our research shows that long-term bullying has a severe impact on a child's overall health, and that its negative effects can accumulate and get worse with time," says the study's first author Laura Bogart, PhD, from Boston Children's Division of General Pediatrics. "It reinforces the notion that more bullying intervention is needed, because the sooner we stop a child from being bullied, the less likely bullying is to have a lasting, damaging effect on his or her health down the road.”
Boston Children's Hospital, Study author Laura Bogart, PhD. 2014
A trio of researchers examined data on roughly 18,000 people who were born in England, Scotland and Wales during a single week in 1958 and then tracked periodically up through the age of 50. Back in the 1960s, when the study subjects were 7 and 11 years old, researchers interviewed their parents about bullying. Parents reported whether their children were never, sometimes or frequently bullied by other kids.
Fast-forward to the 2000s. About 78% of the study subjects are still being tracked at age 45, when they are assessed for anxiety and depression by nurses. By the time they’re 50, 61% of them remain in the study, and are asked to fill out a questionnaire that measures psychological distress.
The researchers found that people who were bullied either occasionally or frequently continued to suffer higher levels of psychological distress decades after the bullying occurred. They were more likely than study subjects who were never bullied to be depressed, to assess their general health as poor, and to have worse cognitive functioning. In addition, those who were bullied frequently had a greater risk of anxiety disorders and suicide.
The consequences of bullying were economic as well. Study subjects who had been bullied frequently had fewer years of schooling than their peers, the researchers found. Men in this group were more likely to be unemployed; if they had jobs, their earnings were typically lower.
Adults who were bullied as kids were more socially isolated too. At age 50, bullying victims were less likely to be living with a spouse or a partner; less likely to have spent time with friends recently; and less likely to have friends or family to lean on if they got sick. Overall, they felt their quality of life was worse than people who hadn’t been bullied, and those who had been frequent victims were less optimistic that their lives would get better in the future.
U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
Scientists found a significantly increased risk of stress-induced chronic inflammation in middle-aged men and women who had been bullied as children.
This, in turn, is known to increase the chances of having blocked arteries, leading to potentially fatal heart attacks and strokes.
Victims of childhood bullying are more likely to be overweight or obese as adults and have a higher risk of developing heart disease, diabetes and other illnesses
In women, falling victim to childhood bullying was also found to raise the risk of being clinically obese in later life by about 40%.
The findings come from a major study of more than 7,000 Britons born in 1958 whose parents provided information about their children's exposure to bullying at age seven and 11.
The researchers took account of a wide range of social and lifestyle factors that might have influenced their results, including IQ, social background, smoking, diet and exercise. After making statistical adjustments to exclude these effects, the findings remained significant.
A fifth of men and women who had frequently been bullied had raised levels of an inflammation blood marker called C-reactive protein (CRP) compared with 16% of those who had never been bullied.
Victims of frequent bullying also had raised levels of fibrinogen, a blood protein which promotes clot formation.
Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
Bullying may be responsible for nearly 30% of cases of depression among adults, a new study suggests.
By tracking 2,668 people from early childhood through adulthood, researchers found that 13-year-olds who were frequent targets of bullies were three times more likely than their non-victimized peers to be depressed as adults.
Even when the researchers accounted for factors like a teen’s record of behavioral problems, social class, child abuse and family history of depression, those who were bullied at least once a week were more than twice as likely to be depressed when they grew up.
Not only did the researchers confirm that victims of bullying were at greater risk for depression as adults, they also found a dose-response relationship between the two. In other words, the more bullying that a 13-year-old had to endure, the greater the odds that he or she would be depressed years later.
Researchers from four universities in England turned to data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Some of the study participants were recruited into the study before they were even born; others joined when they were about 7 years old. The administrators kept track of all kinds of information about the kids and their families, and they asked questions about bullying multiple times between the ages of 8 and 13,. 2015
Adult Health Issues from Childhood Bullying
Diminished Overall Health
-Psychological scientists Dieter Wolke, of the University of Warwick, and Dr Jane Costello and William Copeland, of Duke University Medical Center. 2013
-Great Smoky Mountains Study. 1992 - 2003
-Dieter Wolke, a University of Warwick psychologist and lead author of the study,2013.
-Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
-Boston Children's Hospital, Study author Laura Bogart, PhD. 2014
-U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
-Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
Depression
-Great Smoky Mountains Study.1992 -2003
-University of Turku in Finland, lead researcher Dr. Andre Sourander. 2009
-Harvard researchers led by Dr. Martin Teicher. 2012
-Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
-Boston Children's Hospital, Study author Laura Bogart, PhD. 2014
-U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
-Researchers from four universities in England turned to data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.2015
Decreased Healthy Relationships or Social Interaction
-Psychological scientists Dieter Wolke, of the University of Warwick, and Dr Jane Costello and William Copeland, of Duke University Medical Center. 2013
-Dieter Wolke, a University of Warwick psychologist and lead author of the study,2013.
-Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
-U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
Adult Suicide
-Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
-U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
Anxiety Disorder
-Great Smoky Mountains Study.1992 -2003
-University of Turku in Finland, lead researcher Dr. Andre Sourander. 2009
-Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
-U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
Diminished Happiness
-Harvard researchers led by Dr. Martin Teicher. 2012
-Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
-U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
Diminished Income
-Psychological scientists Dieter Wolke, of the University of Warwick, and Dr Jane Costello and William Copeland, of Duke University Medical Center. 2013
-Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
-U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
Less Education
-Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. Dr Ryu Takizawa. 2014
-U. K.’s National Child Development Study. 2014
Heart Disease
-Great Smoky Mountains Study. 1992 - 2003
-Duke University, Dr William Copeland. 2014
-Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
Stroke
-Duke University, Dr William Copeland. 2014
-Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
Obesity
-Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
Diabetes
-Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
PTSD
-Harvard researchers led by Dr. Martin Teicher. 2012
Elevated Stress
-Harvard researchers led by Dr. Martin Teicher. 2012
-Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
Weakened Immune System
-Duke University Lead author Jenny Tung. 2012
Panic Disorder
-Great Smoky Mountains Study. 1992 - 2003
Increased Blood Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)
-Great Smoky Mountains Study. 1992 - 2003
-Duke University, Dr William Copeland. 2014
-Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
Raised Levels of Fibrinogen
-Professor Louise Arseneault and Dr Andrea Danese from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, 2015
Symptoms of Psychotic Disorders (Hallucinations, Paranoia, Irrationality, etc)
-Professor Dieter Wolke, from the University of Warwick. 2009
-University of Turku in Finland, lead researcher Dr. Andre Sourander. 2009
-Psychological scientists Dieter Wolke, of the University of Warwick, and Dr Jane Costello and William Copeland, of Duke University Medical Center. 2013
-Dieter Wolke, a University of Warwick psychologist and lead author of the study,2013.
Propensity for Addiction
-Harvard researchers led by Dr. Martin Teicher. 2012
-Psychological scientists Dieter Wolke, of the University of Warwick, and Dr Jane Costello and William Copeland, of Duke University Medical Center. 2013
-Dieter Wolke, a University of Warwick psychologist and lead author of the study,2013.
Physical Change to Brain
-Harvard researchers led by Dr. Martin Teicher. 2012
Accelerated Physical Aging
-Scientists at the Duke Institute. 2012
Physical Change to DNA Sequence
-Scientists at the Duke Institute. 2012